All of the Web2c programs, including TeX, which do path searching use
the Kpathsea routines to do so. The precise names of the environment
and configuration file variables which get searched for particular file
formatted are therefore documented in the Kpathsea manual
(see section `Supported file formats' in Kpathsea). Reading
`texmf.cnf' (see section `Config files' in Kpathsea), invoking
MakeTeX...
scripts (see section `MakeTeX scripts' in Kpathsea), and so on are all handled by Kpathsea.
The programs which read fonts make use of another Kpathsea feature: `texfonts.map', which allows arbitrary aliases for the actual names of font files; for example, `Times-Roman' for `ptmr8r.tfm'. The distributed (and installed by default) `texfonts.map' includes aliases for many widely available PostScript fonts by their PostScript names.
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